Rok wydania: 2023
Numer czasopisma: 3
Słowa kluczowe: nierówności płci, dostęp do finansowania, popyt na kredyt, ograniczenia kredytowe
Strony: 240-247
Język publikacji: Polski
Pobierz
Nierówności płci w dostępie do kredytu
Marta Musiał, Joanna Rachuba
Abstrakt
Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce nierówności płci w dostępie do kredytów na świecie. Mimo różnych inicjatyw prawnych i międzynarodowych działań na rzecz równości płci, nierówności w sektorze finansowym pozostają istotnym wyzwaniem, a w wielu krajach nadal brakuje przepisów zakazujących dyskryminacji ze względu na płeć w dostępie do kredytów. Autorzy analizują dane z różnych krajów i wykazują, że kobiety charakteryzują się niższą skłonnością do aplikowania o kredyt, a jednocześnie większa liczbą odrzuconych wniosków kredytowych. Co więcej, kobiety otrzymują niższe kwoty kredytów i płacą wyższe stopy procentowe. Artykuł identyfikuje obszary badań nad nierównościami płci w dostępie do kredytu oraz wskazuje potrzebę dalszych działań na rzecz promocji równości płci w dziedzinie finansów i biznesu.
Bibliografia
[1] Agarwal S., Wang F.H. (2009), Perverse Incentives at the Banks? Evidence from a Natural Experiment, Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. [2] Alesina A.F., Lotti F., Mistrulli P.E. (2013), Do Women Pay More for Credit? Evidence from Italy, „J Eur Econ Assoc”, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 45–66. [3] Allen B.L. (2009), Race and Gender Inequality in Homeownership: Does Place Make a Difference? „Rural Sociology”, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 603–621. [4] Aristei D., Gallo M. (2016), Does Gender Matter for Firms’ Access to Credit? Evidence from International Data, „Finance Res Lett”, No. 18, pp. 67–75. [5] Armendáriz B., Morduch J. (2011), The Economics of Microfinance, MIT Press, Cambridge. [6] Asiedu E., Freeman J.A, Nti-Addae A. (2012), Access to Credit by Small Businesses: How Relevant Are Race, Ethnicity, and Gender? „American Economic Review”, Vol. 102, No 3, pp. 532–537. [7] Bannò M., D’Allura G.M., Coller G., Varum C. (2023), Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus: On Lenders’ Stereotypical Views and the Implications for a Firm’s Debt, „Journal of Management and Governance”, Vol. 27, pp. 651–687. [8] Barber B.M., Odean T. (2001), Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence, and Common Stock Investment, „Quarterly Journal of Economics”, Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 261–292. [9] Basiglio S., De Vincentiis P., Isaia E., Rossi M. (2023), Women-led Firms and Credit Access. A Gendered Story? „Economics. Italian Economic Journal”, Vol. 9, pp. 199–233. [10] Beck T., Behr P., Güttler A. (2009), Are Women Better Loan Officers? Discussion Paper, CentER-Tilburg University: https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1108283/2009–19.pdf, access date: 09.10.2023. [11] Bellucci A, Borisov A, Zazzaro A. (2010), Does Gender Matter in Bank–firm Relationship? Evidence from Small Business Lending, „Journal of Banking and Finance”, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2968–2984. [12] Bertrand J., Perrin C. (2022), Girls Just Wanna Have Funds? The Effect of Women-Friendly Legislation on Female-Led Firms’ Access to Credit, „International Review of Law and Economics”, Vol. 72, art. 106101. [13] Blanchflower D.G., Levine P.B., Zimmerman D.J. (2003), Discrimination in the Small-business Credit Market, „The Review of Economics and Statistics”, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 930–943. [14] Buttner E.H., Rosen B. (1992), Rejection in the Loan Application Process: Male and Female Entrepreneurs' Perceptions and Subsequent Intentions, „Journal of Small Business Management”, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 58–65. [15] Buvinic M., Furst-Nichols R. (2016), Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment: What Works? The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 59–101. [16] Byrnes J.P., Miller D.C., Schafer W.D. (1999), Gender Differences in Risk Taking: A Meta-analysis, „Psychological Bulletin”, Vol. 125, No. 3, pp. 367. [17] Cavalluzzo K.S., Cavalluzzo L.C. (1998), Market Structure and Discrimination: The Case of Small Businesses, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking”, Vol. 30, No 4, pp. 771–792. [18] Chavan P. (2008), Gender Inequality in Banking Services, „Economic and Political Weekly”, Vol. 43, No. 47, pp. 18–21. [19] Chen S., Doerr S., Frost J., Gambacorta L., Shin H.S. (2023), The Fintech Gender Gap, „Journal of Financial Intermediation”, Vol. 54, art. 101026. [20] Chen X., Huang B., Ye D. (2019), The Gender Gap in Peer-to-Peer Lending: Evidence from the People’s Republic of China, ADBI Working Paper No. 977. [21] Croson R., Gneezy U. (2009), Gender Differences in Preferences, „Journal of Economic Literature”, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 448–474. [22] Danmarks Nationalbank (2021), Female Company Owners Pay Higher Interest Rates, https://www.nationalbanken.dk/media/4eylw1we/analysis-no17-female-company-owners-pay-higher-interest-rates.pdf, access date: 09.10.2023. [23] De Andres P., Gimeno R., de Cabo R.M. (2021), The Gender Gap in Bank Credit Access, „Journal of Corporate Finance”, Vol. 50, art. 101782. [24] Demirgüç-Kunt A., Klapper L., Singer D. (2013), Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination against Women: Evidence from Developing Countries, Policy Research Working Paper 6416, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/fb432537-9b99-56fc-8317-56d9863bfb50/content, access date: 9.10.2023. [25] Eckel C.C., Grossman P.J. (2008), Men, Women and Risk Aversion: Experimental Evidence, [in:] Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, Vol. 1, pp. 1061–1073. [26] Eddleston K.A., Ladge J.J., Mitteness Ch., Balachandra L. (2014), Do You See What I See? Signaling Effects of Gender and Firm Characteristics on Financing Entrepreneurial Ventures, „Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice”, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 1–26. [27] Fang L., Munneke H.J. (2020), Gender Equality in Mortgage Lending, „Real Estate Economics”, Vol. 48, No. 4, p. 957–1003. [28] FAS (2023), Financial Access Survey: Trends and Developments: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/2023 FAS Trends and Developments-1.pdf, access date: 09.10.2023. [29] Fay M., Williams L. (1993), Gender Bias and the Availability of Business Loans, „Journal of Business Venturing”, Vol, 8, No. 4, pp. 363–376. [30] Fundera (2021), State of Small Business Lending: Spotlight on Women Entrepreneurs: https://www.fundera.com/blog/the-state-of-online-small-business-lending-q2–2016, access date: 09.11.2023. [31] Galli E., Mascia D.V., Rossi S. (2020), Bank Lending Constraints for Women-led SMEs: Self-restraint or Lender Bias? „European Financial Management”, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 1147–1188. [32] Hansen H., Rand J. (2014), Estimates of Gender Differences in Firm’s Access to Credit in Sub-Saharan Africa, „Economics Letters”, Vol. 123, pp. 374–377. [33] HMDA (2023), The Gender Gap: Women Pay More For Their Mortgage Than Men: https://www.ownup.com/learn/women-pay-more-for-their-mortgage-than-men/, access date: 09.11.2023. [34] IFC (2022), Closing the Gender Finance Gap Through the Use of Blended Finance, International Finance Corporation World Bank Group: https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2023-delta/closing-the-gender-finance-gap-through-blended-finance.pdf, access date: 09.10.2023. [35] Li G. (2018), Gender-Related Differences in Credit Use and Credit Scores: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/gender-related-differences-in-credit-use-and-credit-scores-20180622.html,, access date: 09.10.2023. [36] Loko B., Yang Y. (2022), Fintech, Female Employment, and Gender Inequality, IMF Working Papers: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/06/03/Fintech-Female-Employment-and-Gender-Inequality-518871, access date: 09.11.2023. [37] Loya J. (2023), Gender and Ethno-racial Disparities in Access to Mortgage Credit, „Social Science Quarterly”, Vol. 104, pp. 793–815. [38] Mascia D.V., Rossi S. (2017), Is There a Gender Effect on the Cost of Bank Financing? „Journal of Financial Stability”, Vol. 31, pp. 136–153. [39] McKechnie S.A, Ennew C.T., Read L.H., (1998), The Nature of the Banking Relationship: A Comparison of the Experience of Male and Female Small Business Owner, „International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship”, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 39–55. [40] Mengstie B. (2022), Impact of Microfinance on Women’s Economic Empowerment, „Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship”, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1–12. [41] Moro A., Wisniewski T.P., Mantovani G.M. (2017), Does a Manager’s Gender Matter when Accessing Credit? Evidence from European Data, „Journal of Banking Finance”, Vol. 80, pp. 119–213. [42] Morsy H. (2020), Access to Finance – Mind the Gender Gap, „The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance”, Vol. 78, pp. 12-21. [43] Morsy H., Youssef H. (2017), Access to Finance – Mind the Gender Gap, European Bank for Restruction and Development, Working Paper No. 202. [44] Muravyev A., Talavera O., Schäfer D. (2009), Entrepreneurs’ Gender and Financial Constraints: Evidence from International Data, „Journal of Comparative Economics”, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 270–286. [45] Naegels V., Mori N., D'Espallier B. (2022), The Process of Female Borrower Discouragement, „Emerging Markets Review”, Vol. 50, art. 100837. [46] Ongena S., Popov A. (2016), Gender Bias and Credit Access, „Journal of Money, Credit and Banking”, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 1691–1724. [47] Pavlova E., Gvetadze S. (2023), Female Access to Finance: A Survey of Literature, EIF Working Paper Series 2022/87, European Investment Fund (EIF). [48] Perrin C., Hyland M. (2023), Gendered Laws and Women’s Financial Inclusion, World Bank, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099419001242331405/pdf/IDU01137fc5100ae204e9a0a0c20b39dddd48f92.pdf, access date: 09.10.2023. [49] Perrin C., Bertrand J., Klein P.-O. (2023), Women Self-perception and Access to Credit: The Power of Role Models, „Finance Research Letters”, Vol. 58, No. B, pp. 104–426. [50] Powell M., Ansic D. (1997), Gender Differences In Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-making: An Experimental Analysis, „Journal of Economic Psychology”, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 605–628. [51] Reddy K., Gopalan S. (2023), Gender Bias in Access to Trade Credit: Firm-level Evidence from Emerging Markets, „Global Finance Journal”, Vol. 57, pp. 100–835. [52] Stefani M.L., Vacca V.P. (2013), Credit Access for Female Firms: Evidence from a Survey on European SMEs, Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), No. 176, Bank of Italy. [53] WBL (2023), Women, Business and the Law 2023, World Bank Group, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b60c615b-09e7–46e4–84c1-bd5f4ab88903/content, access date: 09.10.2023. [54] Wellalage N.H., Thrikawala S. (2021), Bank Credit, Microfinance and Female Ownership: Are Women More Disadvantaged than Men? „Finance Research Letters”, Vol. 42, pp. 101–929. [55] Yunus M. (2011). Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs, [in:] Hooton B., Koning R., Thurston M. (Eds.), With the World to Choose from, McGill-Queen's University Press, New York.
Publikacje z rocznika